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Sentencing in Canada

Essays in Law, Policy, and Practice

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Sentencing in Canada contains a unique collection of essays that explore all key aspects of sentencing. The contributors include leading academics, criminal law practitioners, and members of the judiciary, and many of the authors have extensive experience working in the areas of sentencing and parole. The volume is not simply a statement of the law—instead, the chapters examine the wider context in which sentencing and parole decisions are taken. The volume also incorporates findings from the latest empirical research into sentencing policy and practice in Canada, including important issues such as sentencing Indigenous persons. As Mr Justice Moldaver notes in his preface, the volume “will be useful to criminal law practitioners and, more generally, to all persons interested in sentencing.”

Contributors

David Cole

David Cole was called to the Ontario bar in 1975. He then practised as a defence counsel for sixteen years, specializing in legal issues relating to prisoners and parolees. Judge Cole was appointed to the Ontario Court of Justice in 1991. From October 1992 to 1996, he was seconded to act as co-chair of the Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System. Over the period 2018–20, he has been seconded to conduct an independent review of the use of segregation in Ontario’s correctional facilities, with particular attention to the issues confronting mentally ill prisoners detained on remand or after sentencing. Judge Cole has taught sentencing courses at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law; Osgoode Hall Law School, York University; and the Centre for Criminology, University of Toronto. He is the co-author of Release from Imprisonment: The Law of Sentencing, Parole and Judicial Review (Carswell, with A Manson, 1991) and the co-editor of Making Sense of Sentencing (University of Toronto Press, with JV Roberts, 1999).

Julian Roberts

Julian Roberts, University of Oxford, holds a PhD in psychology from the University of Toronto and an LLM from the University of London. He was an adviser to the ALI Model Penal Code Sentencing Project and a visiting professor at the L’Universita di Ferrara; Haifa Law School; School of Law, King’s College London; University of Cambridge; University of Toronto; the Catholic University of Leuven; and the Université libre de Bruxelles. His books include Paying for the Past: The Case Against Prior Record Sentence Enhancements (Oxford University Press [OUP], with R Frase, 2019); Punishing Persistent Offenders: Exploring Community and Offender (OUP, 2008); The Virtual Prison: Community Custody and the Evolution of Imprisonment (Cambridge University Press [CUP], 2004); Sentencing for Murder (Hart Law, with B Mitchell, 2012); Understanding Public Attitudes to Criminal Justice (OUP, with M Hough, 2005); Penal Populism and Public Opinion (OUP, 2003); Mitigation and Aggravation at Sentencing (CUP, 2011); Predictive Sentencing (Hart Law, with J De Keijser and J Ryberg, eds, 2019); Sentencing Multiple Crimes (OUP, with J Ryberg, eds, 2018); Previous Convictions at Sentencing (Hart, with A von Hirsch, eds, 2012); Principled Sentencing (Hart, with A von Hirsch and A Ashworth, eds, 2009); Popular Punishment (OUP, with J Ryberg, ed, 2018); and Sentencing Guidelines (OUP, with A Ashworth, 2013).

Chapter Title Contents Contributors Pages Year Price

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Foreword by Justice Michael Moldaver of the Supreme Court of Canada 2 $0.20

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Chapter 1 provides an overview of the many complexities of the sentencing process as well as a brief description of the purposes that sentences must serve: as a deterrent, a method for … ; 25 $2.50

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Chapter 2 provides a look at the various options available judges for sentencing in Canada, including imprisonment, fines, probation, and conditional sentences. This chapter also looks at the … 22 $2.20

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Chapter 3 explorers various forms of community based sentencing including absolute and conditional discharges, suspended sentences, fines, probation, and collateral orders. The chapter explorers … 23 $2.30

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Chapter 4 discusses conditional sentences of imprisonment as an alternative to traditional institutional incarceration. The chapter explores the legislative history of CSI, challenges that it has … ; 25 $2.50

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Chapter 5 discusses the use of Pre-Sentencing Reports and Gladue Reports to provide the court with additional information about an offender. The chapter examines how these reports impact … 17 $1.70

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Chapter 6 explores the role of the prosecutor during sentencing including their submissions to the court, their role in plea bargaining and resolution discussions and in addressing the needs of a … 16 $1.60

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Chapter 7 explores how Defence Counsel advocates for their client in the sentencing process. This includes identifying mitigating and aggravating factors, and the various forms of evidence that … 24 $2.40

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Chapter 8 discusses the role that victims play in sentencing. The chapter discusses victim impact statements and community impact statements. 16 $1.60

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This chapter explorers the manner in which sentencing decisions are reviewed by courts of appeal. This includes the procedural framework of the appeals process and the the scope of appellate … 14 $1.40

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Chapter 10 narrows its focus to address the sentencing and parole for persons convicted of murder. The chapter begins by debunking some myths about murder and goes on to address current trends … ; 17 $1.70

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Chapter 11 discusses the process of parole, including a brief history, criteria for parole eligibility, the parole hearing process, and differences in parole procedure across Canada. ; 26 $2.60

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Chapter 12 focusses on the issues surrounding the sentencing of Indigenous persons in Canada, focussing primarily on the impact of the Gladue and Ipeelee Supreme Court decisions. ; 24 $2.40

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Chapter 13 provides an overview of how sentencing reform movements impact women specifically. It includes a discussion of the gendered experience and impacts of imprisonment and a comparison of … 23 $2.30

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Chapter 14 explores the sentencing of mentally disordered offenders. The chapter discusses the challenges in determining mental fitness, and the statutory provisions available to courts that may … 18 $1.80

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Chapter 15 explores the emerging challenges in sentencing dangerous and long-term offenders. These include defining “dangerous” and “intractable”, and determining where … 24 $2.40

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Chapter 16 explores the differences in sentencing between youth and adults in Canada. 23 $2.30

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Chapter 17 explorers sentencing policy and legislation in Canada, and how it is liable to change in the future. 30 $3.00

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Chapter 18 explores the emergence of individualized proportionality as a fundamental principle of sentencing in Canada. The chapter discusses the history of this principle and the challenges and … 22 $2.20

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The conclusion provides a summary and overview of current issues with sentencing in Canada including issues of race and ethnicity and Plea-Based Sentence Reductions. ; 19 $1.90

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Appendix A: Reasons for Sentece – Appendix B: Overview of Australia and New Zealand Legislative Provisions Relating to the Sentence Reductions for a Guilty Plea – Appendix C: Example … ; 26 $2.60