Introduction
This chapter outlines how the structures of capitalism and colonialism together shaped the emergence of Canada as a nation in the twentieth century.
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Chapter 1: Capitalist Crisis and Expansion, 1890-1914
This chapter recounts how the Depression of the 1890s was followed in the first decades of the twentieth century by enormous growth in mining, railroads and industry.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 2: The New Capitalist-Colonial Order, 1890-1929
This chapter reviews the rise of corporate power in Canada and rapid change in the workplace marked by labour conflict and social protest, notably in the 1918 Winnipeg General Strike.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 3: The Merger Movement and its Masterminds
This chapter traces how mergers, banks, and foreign investment reshaped Canadian industry after 1900, along with expansion in pulp and paper and automobile manufacturing.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 4: The Steel Industry, Hydroelectric Power, and Wartime Profits, 1890-1929
This chapter chronicles the rise of Ontario’s steel and hydroelectric industries and the role the state assumed in development, such as in the case of Ontario Hydro and wartime …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 5: The West and the Wheat Economy, 1890-1929
This chapter examines development across Canada including the vast amounts of immigration that fuelled the resource-based economy in British Columbia and the wheat economy of the Prairies.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 6: Urbanization and Immigration, 1890-1929
This chapter looks at urban growth between 1901 and 1931, during which immigrant workers experienced widening wage gaps, slum conditions, and extreme inequality in access to public-health.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 7: "White Canada Forever"
This chapter examines how racism seen in the 1907 Vancouver anti-Asian riot was both exploited to divide workers and a matter of public policy, evident in the Chinese head tax (1885–1903), …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 8: Deindustrialization and the Maritimes in the 1920s
This chapter traces the rise and fall of foreign-controlled companies such as British Empire Steel Corporation in Nova Scotia headed by Roy Wolvin.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 9: Colonizing the North
This chapter outlines how needs of wartime contributed to making the Arctic a capitalist frontier in the 1910s–30s and led to the lasting dispossession of Inuit, Dene, Métis, and First …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 10: The Inuit Confront Capitalism and Colonialism in the 1920s
This chapter looks at how Inuit life was transformed by the fur trade, the church, state policing, and resource exploitation.
Bryan D. Palmer
8
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Chapter 11: Canadian Capital and the Global South, 1900-30
This chapter recounts how from the 1890s–1920s, Canadian capital went abroad and sugar, banking, and railway ventures across Cuba and the West Indies connected Canadian business internationally.
Bryan D. Palmer
13
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Chapter 12: Indigenous Waged Work and First Nations Organizing, 1890-1930
This chapter shows how in the early decades of the twentieth century Indigenous Peoples, with diminished roles in traditional work, endured economic hardship and were excluded from steady wage jobs.
Bryan D. Palmer
15
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Chapter 13: Residential Schooling and the Suppression of "the Indian," 1890-1930
This chapter explains how Residential schools assimilated Indigenous children by separating them from their families, subjecting them to coercion and abuse and erasing their culture.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 14: Class Conflict and Socialists
The chapter discusses how early-twentieth-century labour militancy —from the rise of the AFL to the Winnipeg General Strike — took place alongside Indigenous resistance but ultimately …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 15: Women's Work and Capitalism's Changing Employment Opportunities, 1910-29
This chapter outlines how women’s waged work expanded in the early decades of the twentieth century with employment in offices, banking, and retail.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 16: The Distinct Society of Quebec, 1900-30
This chapter examines Québec’s Distinct Society which emerged in response to foreign economic and cultural control. Resistance emerged in the figure of Henri Bourassa and his …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 17: On the Eve of the Great Depression
This chapter details how the speculation and expansion of the 1920s gave way to overproduction, and reliance on exports, as increasing debt made the economy acutely vulnerable to the 1929 crash …
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Chapter 18: Economic Collapse
This chapter recounts how successive downturns of the economy—from the 1913–15 recession to the 1929 crash—led to mass unemployment in Toronto and Montréal.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 19: Outcasts and Dissidents in the Early 1930s
This chapter discusses the examines the 1930s hobo jungles emerged due to the unemployment crisis and militant groups such as the Communist Worker’s Unity League (WUL) and the 1935 …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 20: Communists, CCFers, Workers, and the Unemployed
This chapter discusses the role played by the Popular Front united Canadian Communists and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in the anti-fascist cause.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 21: Crisis, Politics, Colonized Peoples
This chapter relates the double colonization of Québec in the 1930s, as francophone workers were subjected to the repressive policies of the Anglo economic and political order while First …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 22: Crisis, Politics, Colonized Peoples
This chapter examines how during the 1930s Indigenous Peoples suffered enormous poverty, disease and tuberculosis, coercive laws and intensified efforts at assimilation through institutions such …
Bryan D. Palmer
12
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Chapter 23: The Second World War
This chapter looks at how Canada escaped the Great Depression as the state imposed full employment and expanded its direction of the economy under such departments as C. D. Howe’s …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 24: The Welfare State's 1940s Origins
This chapter details how the hardship of the Depression led to increased demands for a welfare state and how Mackenzie King’s Liberals retreated from implementing such a program.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 25: Capital at Home and Abroad, 1945-60
This chapter explains how the unemployment and social collapse of the Depression prompted grassroots solidarities and militant Communist organizing.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 26: Managing Labour's Momentum
This chapter looks at the labour militancy that achieved union recognition in the 1945–48 strike wave and the historic Rand Formula.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 27: Quebec in the 1940s and 1950s
This chapter explains how In the 1940s and 1950s Québec underwent rapid industrial growth and a more secularized labour movement led to landmark struggles like the 1949 Asbestos and 1952 …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 28: "The Mountain Brings Forth a Mouse"
This chapter details how at the end of WWII, Canada celebrated Indigenous war heroes like Tommy Prince and passed limited reforms through the 1951 Indian Act, yet at the same time denied the …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 29: Prisons and Residential Schools
This chapter recounts how in the postwar years, particularly after 1960, the rate of Indigenous imprisonment climbed rapidly as policing, courts and prisons replaced schools and reserves as the …
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 30: Arctic Alterations
This chapter discusses Cold War needs in the Arctic such as the DEW line and capitalist exploits that destroyed Inuit economies.
Bryan D. Palmer
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Chapter 31: Conclusion
This chapter outlines how at mid-century the state had achieved labour calm and a certain amount of economic and political stability while it had removed thousands of First Nations and Inuit from …
Bryan D. Palmer
7
2025
$ 0.70